Was the English Civil War a War of Religion?

Was the English Civil War a war of Religion? The English Civil Wars of 1642 to 1651 had religious connections indefinitely, yet to say that they were wars of religion is slightly blindsided. Economics, national and foreign policy and the rule of King Charles I all played pivotal roles in the wars, in particular, the role of the King and his failings to rule. Such failings lost support for the King on a large scale and led to the argument that this was the beginnings of democracy where the people wanted to look elsewhere from the monarchy for a better governed country.The wars were not fought intently for religion but instead against the monarchy and the dreadful rule of King Charles I for a better led democracy. Such democracy was largely connected and associated with the Parliamentarians who offered opposition to the failing Royalists and hope for change. With the Royalists and the Parliamentarians fighting for power and for leadership of their country, two parties with no major rel igious qualms were set to go to war.For the Roundheads, the ultimate desire was not religious but was to â€Å"safeguard parliaments place in the constitution from the creeping threat of royal absolutism’ that had seemed to be prevalent since at the least 1626. † The parliamentarians offering opposition to the Royalists were in a political sense, seen as the answer in the search of democracy through which they gained mass support. However in answering the question, religious connections must be analysed with a mind on the importance to the civil wars.Importantly, England was a strictly protestant nation after the Reformations of the 16th century and King Charles struggled with Parliament in connection to religion and caused much tension and ill feeling within England. In keeping with his high Anglican faith, the King appointed his main political advisor, William Laud as the new archbishop in 1633. The Protestant people of England accused Laud of Catholicising the Churc h of England and in turn Laud imposed fines for not attending Anglican Church services.He aroused further public anger in 1637 by cutting off the ears of three gentlemen who had written pamphlets attacking Laud’s own views. Such strict and brutal behaviour caused fear in the people and alienate Laud’s church. Further still, the marriage of King Charles to the Roman Catholic French princess Henrietta Maria 1625 had previously caused a general fear of Catholicism to emerge in England but this was only built upon by the measures Laud had instigated. Clearly religion did have an impact yet it is the subsequent effects that matter.These religious matters crucially caused a lack of support for the monarchy and the realisation that the monarchy needed Parliament to govern effectively. The King was blind to this and this forced the people to look elsewhere for democracy. This was the true nature of the war to fight for control and a new democracy. To continue, King Charles the First showed incompetence throughout his rule losing the support of his people gradually but surely. A series of failings displayed his inability to rule yet first and foremost was the manner of King Charles.Michael Young describes Charles as ‘a stubborn, combative and high-handed king, who generated conflict† whilst Richard Cust continues that â€Å"he was not stupid, but he did suffer from what Russell calls ‘a tunnel vision’, which made it very difficult for him to understand anyone’s perspective other than his own. † Shy and obnoxious, Charles was unwilling to conform to parliament insisting that he was chosen by God to rule in accordance with the doctrine of the â€Å"Divine Right of Kings†.Many parliamentarians feared that setting up a new kingdom as Charles I intended might destroy the old English traditions that had been integral to the English monarchy and its country and this belief from King Charles I of the divine right of k ings only exacerbated this. Importantly at this point, parliament was subject to dissolution by the monarchy at any time and they had to weary of this. In all, King Charles was unsuitable to rule England and his character flaws along with his beliefs and reluctance to compromise left him on a one way path to disaster and crucially, unpopularity.He needed parliament yet he himself did not know it, instead his own policies and decisions would alienate him from the people and would be his very downfall. More so disastrous for his reign than his â€Å"indecisive, inadequate and ineffective† personality were the policies of King Charles I. The King wanted to take part in the Thirty Years’ War of Europe at huge costs and with heavy expenditure. Parliament foresaw these impossible costs of the war and refused to support King Charles yet this did not stop the King in pressing ahead with his European Wars.His conquests continued past the dissolution of parliament into his †˜personal rule’ until he was forced to withdraw from the war making peace with Spain and France; the monarchy’s finances were shattered and the King had dissolved Parliament ending any hopes of financial support from taxes. Here the King demonstrates his naivety with the country sustaining incredible financial troubles with little reward to show for it but most importantly he lost further support of the people. People began to question his ability to rule and began to look elsewhere towards parliament.Perhaps the clearest indication though that he was unable to rule without parliament came with his 11 year Personal Rule. For 11 years, King Charles avoided calling a parliament during which time he made several crucial mistakes. Most importantly, without Parliament, Charles was left with little revenue and so he looked to other means of income. Controversially, the King tried to implement Ship taxes, exploiting a naval war-scare and demanding tax from inland counties to pay for the Royal Navy.The tax was questionable at best, supported by law but regarded as an illegal tax; men refused to pay the ship tax and argued that the tax was illegal in court, but most lost and were fined. Further resentment to the King was growing among the English people and again they blamed the Kings lack of parliament and his inability to rule without it. King Charles I foolishly looked to enforce policies in Scotland also. The King had hoped to unite England with Scotland and Ireland to create a single kingdom with a uniform High Anglican church.This idea scared Parliament with fears of losing traditional English ways evident. Despite this, summer of 1637 saw Charles I interfere with Scottish religion introducing a new high Anglican English book of prayer to the Scottish despite the Church of Scotland having strict traditions. This was duly followed by resistance and riots in Edinburgh followed by a rebellion. Naturally the King responded by leading an army to the Sco ttish border and challenging the rebellion.A second war followed in 1640 where embarrassingly King Charles’ forces were defeated by a Scottish army who continued to capture Newcastle; Charles now had a rebellion on his hand but with insufficient finances he could not defend anything of the like, he was forced to form a new parliament and seek the taxes that they brought. The Scottish were demanding ? 850 a day to keep them from advancing and this was all Charles’ own doing in trying to change religion in Scotland. It can be argued as indeed C. Russel does that, â€Å"Religion undoubtedly contributed heavily to the outbreak of the Bishops wars.It contributed to the English defeat in the wars, by building up a party in England whose sympathies were on the Scottish side. † However these religious disputes were not a direct cause of the civil war rather that once again King Charles had made a mistake and proven his inability to rule without the credible parliament. The people were becoming all too aware of these failings and his delusions. The dislike for King Charles I continued to climb with his ordered execution of Thomas Wentworth May 1641.The King had sacrificed one of his chief advisors in the hope of preventing war yet it was all in vain. Here his incapability’s had resulted in an execution and the backlash in Ireland was total chaos with the faithful Catholics fearing a protestant resurgence. Further tension between the monarchy and parliament was seen and the King looked very weak at this point. Finally, the end of King Charles of England rule came in 1642, early in which he had attempted to capture five members of the House of Commons.The King had gone accompanied by 400 soldiers to arrest the five members on charge of treason yet upon arrival at parliament the Speaker refused to reveal the whereabouts of the suspects. Crucially, Lenthall replied â€Å"May it please your majesty, I have neither eyes to see nor tongue to speak in this place but as this house is pleased to direct me whose servant I am here; and humbly beg your majesty's pardon that I cannot give any other answer than this is to what your majesty is pleased to demand of me† voicing his determined allegiance not the King but to Parliament.This portrayed the feeling between Parliament and the King and it was only then that the King saw that he had real opposition. Following his latest failing Charles had fled from London in fear of his own safety but continued to negotiate with Parliament through until the summer to no avail. With the summer passing towns and cities began to voice their allegiance for either the Royalists or the Parliamentarians and the war was beginning to emerge. Quite literally King Charles had got it all wrong and had even sparked off a civil war with his attempts to arrest parliament members.Importantly it was the King’s attempts to arrest members of parliament that sparked the war as opposed to any religio us factors or disputes and the Kings incompetent ruling of the country that continued to fuel the civil wars for years to come. In conclusion, the English civil wars on 1642 to 1651 were not wars of religion. Without doubt religion played a role in the distancing between the King to his people and Parliament and also with the Bishops wars, yet it was not integral to the emergence of the war or indeed throughout the war.Rather the war was a war of power and control with Parliament attempting to provide democracy to the unsatisfied people in contrast to the diabolical failings with the rule of King Charles I. King Charles was incapable of ruling the country, demonstrating his incompetence with endless examples to make the people want for a new democracy and better leadership for their country; and that they did with support for Parliamentarians seen in huge numbers. The Kings failure to rule and govern the country had directly led to intervention from the Parliamentarians and the star t of the English civil wars. Word Count – 1920Bibliography 1. Coward, B. (1980) The Stuart Age; England 1603 – 1714. Pearson Education Limited 2. Cust, R. (2002) ‘Politics, Religion and Popularity’, Charles I and popularity. (ed. ,Cogswell, T. Cust, R. Lake, P. ) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 235 3. De Groot, J. (2004). Royalist identities. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. 4. Hill, C. (1958). Puritanism and revolution: Studies in interpretation of the English revolution of the 17th century. London: Secker ; Warburg. 5. Kishlansky, M. (1999) ‘Tyranny Denied: Charles I, Attorney General Heath, and the Five Knights’ Case. 42: 53 6. Morrill, J. S. (1993). The nature of the English Revolution: Essays. London: Longman. 7. Parliament. uk; Speaker Lenthall defends Parliament against the King. Accessed 27th March 2012. Available from http://www. parliament. uk/business/publications/parliamentary-archives/archives-highlig hts/archives-speakerlenthall/ 8. Russell, C. (1990) The Causes of the English civil War. Oxford: Clarendon Press 9. Sproxton, J. (1995). Violence and religion: Attitudes towards militancy in the French civil wars and the English Revolution. London ; New York: Routledge. ——————————————- [ 1 ]. Coward, B. (1980) The Stuart Age; England 1603 – 1714. Pearson Education Limited [ 2 ]. Cust, R. (2002) ‘Politics, Religion and Popularity’, Charles I and popularity. (ed. ,Cogswell, T. Cust, R. Lake, P. ) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 235 [ 3 ]. Cust, R. (2002) ‘Politics, Religion and Popularity’, Charles I and popularity. (ed. ,Cogswell, T. Cust, R. Lake, P. ) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 235 [ 4 ]. Kishlansky, M. (1999) ‘Tyranny Denied: Charles I, Attorney General Heath, and the Five

Dementia to Elderly in Uk

Abstract Dementia is characterized by evidence of short term and long term memory impairment with impaired abstract thinking, impaired judgment, disturbances of higher cortical thinking, and personality changes. It is basically a progressive decline of cerebral utility such as logic, remembrance, language, problem solving, or concentration. This disease greatly harms the day by day performance of a person and is seen more in older people, however, is not a normal part of aging. . INTRODUCTION 1. 1. Aim The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the effects of dementia in older people and to suggest possible solutions for its prevention and treatment. 1. 2. Objectives Primary objective of this research is to see how effective the health care management systems are for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of dementia syndrome specially keeping in view the population of UK. 1. 3. Dementia defined The International Dictionary of Psychology (Sutherland, 1989) defines it as â€Å"an impairment or loss of mental ability, particularly of the capacity to remember, but also including impaired thought, speech, judgment, and personality. It occurs in senile dementia and in conditions involving widespread damage to the brain or narrowing of the blood vessels†. In the preceding definition, Sutherland introduced a different term, senile dementia. Senile is derived from the Latin adverb senex pertaining to age or growing old. This shows that some dementias occur at later or older ages for reasons not known. Definition of senile dementia as per The International Dictionary of Psychology is that it is â€Å"a progressive syndrome starting in old age with no clear cause, in which intellect, memory, and judgment are impaired; it is often accompanied by apathy or irritability† (Sutherland, 1989, p. 397). 1. 4. How common is dementia? In England only, there are approximately 570,000 people living with dementia. It is expected that this number would double in the coming 30 years (Barberger-Gateau, 2007). Generally dementia arises in people who are 65 years of age above. The chances of developing it are more as one gets old as compare to young people. Roughly, it is anticipated that dementia occurs in: †¢1. 4% of men and 1. 5% of women aged between 65 and 69, †¢3. 1% of men and 2. 2% of women aged between 70 and 74, †¢5. 6% of men and 7. 1% of women aged between 75 and 79, †¢10. 2 % of men and 14. 1% of women aged between 80 and 84, and †¢19. 6% of men and 27. 5% of women aged 85 or over. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW In the preceding paragraphs, we will discuss in detail the different kinds of dementia that occur to people at older age along with a number of causes that lead towards this syndrome. . 1. Types of dementia Following are the different types of dementia recognized so far (Davidson, 2005): †¢Alzheimer's disease, where tiny clusters of protein, known as plaques, start to build up around brain cells. This upsets the regular workings of the brain. †¢Vascular dementia, where troubles with blood distribution result in uneven supply of blood and oxygen to certain parts of the brain. †¢Dementia with Lewy bodies, where irregular structures, known as Lewy bodies, grow inside the brain. †¢Frontotemporal dementia, where the two parts of the brain, frontal and temporal lobes, start to shrink. Not like other types of dementia, frontotemporal dementia typically grows in people who are below 65 years of age and is very rare than other types of dementia. 2. 2. Different Kinds of Dementia Different kinds of dementing disorders exist. One way of classification is according to parts of the brain being affected. Some frequently used classifications are as follows: †¢Cortical dementia: This type of dementia damages the brain particularly affecting the brain's cortex, or outer layer. Problems such as memory, language, thinking, and social behavior results due to this disoder. Sub cortical dementia: It affects parts of the brain below the cortex and causes changes in emotions and movements along with damaging memory. †¢Progressive dementia: It gets worse with the passage of time, thus interfering more and more with cognitive abilities. †¢Primary dementia: This denotes to that form that does not result from any other disease such as AD. †¢Secondary dementia: This type of dementia occurs due to some physical disease or injury. †¢Treatable Dementia: About 10 percent of conditions that cause dementia are treatable. With treatment, the dementia can either be upturned or at least halted. Instances of conditions that cause treatable cases of dementia comprise of the following: ?Normal pressure hydrocephalus ?A brain tumor or brain cancer ?Hypothyroidism ?Vitamin B12 deficiency ?Neurosyphilis ?Reactions to medications ?Poisoning. †¢Non-Treatable Dementia: Types of dementia that currently have no cure include: †¢Lewy body dementia †¢Binswanger's disease †¢Frontotemporal dementia †¢Corticobasal degeneration †¢Certain conditions that can cause childhood dementia †¢HIV-associated dementia Other infections within the brain, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease †¢Huntington's disease and other rare hereditary dementias †¢Head trauma, such as dementia pugilistica (also known as boxer's syndrome). Several types of dementia fit into more than one of these classifications. For instance, AD is considered both a cortical as well as progressive dementia. 2. 3Causes 2. 3 . 1Alzheimer's disease It is the most common cause of dementia, affecting around 417,000 people in the UK. German neurologist Alois Alzheimer first described Alzheimer's disease. According to him, it is a physical disease affecting the brain. All through the course of the disease, plaques and tangles develop in the brain, thus leading to the loss of brain cells. Shortage of some important chemicals in the brain also results due to this disease. These chemicals are concerned with the spread of messages within the brain. 2. 3. 2Vascular dementia Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. There are a number of conditions that can cause or increase damage to the vascular system. These include high blood pressure, heart problems, high cholesterol and diabetes. This means it is important that these conditions are identified and treated at the earliest opportunity. 2. 3. 3Dementia with Lewy bodies Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a form of dementia that has characteristics similar to both Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. It makes around four per cent of all cases of dementia in older people. Lewy bodies, named after the doctor who first identified them in 1912, are tiny, spherical protein deposits found in nerve cells. Their presence in the brain disrupts the brain's normal functioning, interrupting the action of important chemical messengers, including acetylcholine and dopamine. Researchers have yet to understand fully why Lewy bodies occur in the brain and how they cause damage. 2. 3. 4Fronto-temporal dementia The term ‘fronto-temporal dementia' includes conditions such as Pick's disease, frontal lobe degeneration, and dementia associated with motor neurone disease. All these are due to damage to the frontal lobe and/or the temporal parts of the brain. These areas are responsible for our behaviour, emotional responses and language skills. . 3. 5Korsakoff's syndrome Korsakoff's syndrome is a brain disorder usually linked with heavy alcohol utilization over a long period. Sometimes it is referred to as ‘alcohol amnestic syndrome' ? ‘amnestic' meaning loss of memory ? although in rare cases alcohol is not the cause. Although Korsakoff's syndrome is not strictly speaking a dementia , people with the condition suffer loss of short-term memory. 2. 3. 6Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Prions are contagious agents that onslaught the central nervous system and then occupy the brain, causing dementia. Known prion disease is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or CJD. It was first reported by two German doctors (Creutzfeldt and Jakob) in 1920. 2. 3. 7Aids-related cognitive impairment Individuals with HIV and AIDS occasionally develop cognitive impairment – particularly in the later stages of their sickness. AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is caused by the presence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the body. HIV attacks the body's immune system, making the person affected more susceptible to infection. HIV-related cognitive impairment can be caused by: ? The direct impact of HIV on the brain Infections (called ‘opportunistic infections') that take advantage of the weakened immune system. 2. 3. 8Binswanger's disease Binswanger's disease is a unusual form of vascular dementia in which harm occurs to the blood vessels in the deep white matter of the brain. Symptoms of Binswanger's mostly occur in people over the age of 60 and it is usually linked with long-ter m hypertension. The disease chiefly affects memory and mental abilities such as thinking and learning. The individual may also experience mood swings, tremors, seizures and problems with walking. 2. 3. 9Huntington's disease Huntington's disease is a progressive inherited disease. It typically becomes obvious in adults in their 30s, even though it can occur earlier or later. There is also a puerile type of Huntington's, which affects children. The route of the disease varies for each person, and dementia can occur at any stage of the illness. 2. 4Diagnosis Diagnosis of dementia is based on the following: †¢History †¢Physical exam †¢Tests The process of identifying dementia is made only if two or more brain functions such as memory and language skills are extensively damaged without loss of consciousness. An early and precise dementia diagnosis can help in early treatment of dementia symptoms and maybe reversing the dementia or stopping its development, if the cause of dementia is reversible (such as normal pressure hydrocephalus, a brain tumor, or B12 deficiency). †¢Patient History History taking is a very important step in identifying dementia. It is important to know how and when symptoms developed and about the patient's overall medical condition. Is there any risk factor involved or there is any family history of similar symptoms along with any medication the person is taking. Physician also try to evaluate the patient's emotional state and the degree of day to day actions being affected in spite of of the fact that patients with dementia frequently are ignorant of or in denial about how their disease is affecting them. Typically the family members also deny the reality of the disease because they take this in the beginning as a usual procedure of aging. Therefore, additional steps are necessary to confirm or rule out a dementia diagnosis. †¢Physical Exam: A physical examination can help in the following: ?Rule out treatable causes of dementia Classify signs of stroke or other disorders that can add to dementia ? Identify indications of other illnesses, such as heart disease or kidney failure that can be related with dementia. A thorough neurological assessment is performed to evaluate the balance, sensory function, reflexes, and other functions of the patient and to spot signs of conditions that may have an effect on the diagnosis of dementia. †¢Tests Used in Diagnosing Dementia Tests that are used to diagnosis dementia include the following: ?Cognitive and neuropsychological tests (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) ? Brain scans (MRI or CT scan) Laboratory tests ?Psychiatric evaluations ?Pre-symptomatic testing. †¢Cognitive and Neuropsychological Tests for Dementia Tests are done to measure memory, language skills, math skills, and other abilities associated to mental functioning to help them analyze a patient's condition precisely. A test called the Mini-Mental ® State Examination (MMSEâ„ ¢) is used to judge cognitive skills in people with assumed dementia. This test examines: ? Orientation ?Memory ?Attention Doctors also use a diversity of other tests and rating scales to categorize explicit types of cognitive problems and abilities. †¢Brain Scan Tests for Dementia Brain scans are carried out to recognize strokes, tumors, or other problems that can result dementia. A brain scan may also demonstrate cortical atrophy (the progressive loss of neurons causes the ridges to become thinner and the sulci to grow wider), which is the deterioration of the brain's cortex (outer layer) and is frequent in many forms of dementia. Brain scans can also spot changes in the brain's organization and function that would propose Alzheimer's disease. †¢Computed Tomography Scan or Magnetic Resonance Imaging The most general types of brain scans are computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A CT scan of the brain frequently suggested in a patient with suspected dementia. These scans, which use x-rays to detect brain structures, can show evidence of: ?Brain atrophy ?Strokes and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) ?Changes to the blood vessels ?Other problems (such as hydrocephalus and subdural hematomas). MRI scans use magnetic fields and focused radio waves to detect hydrogen atoms in tissues within the body. They can detect the same problems as CT scans but they are better for identifying certain conditions, such as brain atrophy and damage from small TIAs. †¢Electroencephalograms (EEGs) Electroencephalograms (EEGs) are another tool to assist in inspecting people with suspected dementia. In an EEG, electrodes are placed on the scalp over several parts of the brain in order to detect and record patterns of electrical activity and to check for abnormalities. This electrical activity can indicate cognitive dysfunction in part or all of the brain. Many patients with moderately severe to severe Alzheimer's disease have abnormal EEGs. An EEG may also be used to detect seizures, which occur in about 10 percent of people with Alzheimer's disease. It can also help diagnose Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. †¢Other Brain Scan Tests Several other types of brain scans allow researchers to watch the brain as it functions. These scans, called functional brain imaging, are not often used as diagnostic tools, but they are important in research and they may ultimately help identify people with dementia earlier than is currently possible. Types of functional brain scans include: ?Functional MRI (fMRI): It uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field to measure the metabolic changes that take place in active parts of the brain. ?Single photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT): It shows the distribution of blood in the brain, which generally increases with brain activity. Positron emission tomography (PET): This scans can detect changes in glucose metabolism, oxygen metabolism, and blood flow, all of which can reveal abnormalities of brain function. ?Magneto encephalography (MEG): This can show the electromagnetic fields produced by the brain's neuronal activity. †¢Laboratory Tests for Dementia Doctors may use a variety of laboratory tests to help diagnose dementia or rule out other conditions, such as kidney failure, which can contribute to symptoms. A partial list of these tests includes: ?A complete blood count (CBC) Blood glucose test, which measures sugar levels in the blood ? Urinalysis ?Drug and alcohol tests (toxicology screen) ?Cerebrospinal fluid analysis (to rule out specific infections that can affect the brain) ? Analysis of thyroid and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. ?A doctor will order only the tests that he or she feels are necessary to improve the accuracy of a diagnosis. †¢Psychiatric Evaluation The healthcare provider may recommend a psychiatric evaluation to determine if depression or another psychiatric disorder may be causing or contributing to a person's symptoms. Pre-Symptomatic Testing In most cases, testing people before symptoms begin in order to determine if they will develop dementia is not possible. However, in cases involving disorders such as Huntin gton's where a known gene defect is clearly linked to the risk of the disease, a genetic test can help identify people who are likely to develop the disease. Since this type of genetic information can be devastating, people should carefully consider whether they want to undergo such testing. 2. 5Treatment For about 10 percent of conditions that cause dementia, treatment is available that can help reverse or at least slow down its progression. Some examples of these treatable causes of dementia include: †¢A brain tumor †¢Normal pressure hydrocephalus †¢Hypothyroidism. For most cases, treatment does not exist to reverse or halt the disease's progression; however, this does not mean that nothing should be done. People with dementia can benefit to some extent from such things as medications and cognitive training. There are also options for the family to help them cope. 2. 6Risk Factors Scientists have found a number of risk factors for dementia that affect the likelihood of developing one or more kinds of dementia. While these are not causes of dementia, they may increase a person's chances of developing the symptoms referred to collectively as dementia. Some dementia risk factors can be treated or controlled and some cannot Some of these risk factors for dementia are modifiable, while others are not.. Also, certain risk factors are more likely to increase the risk for certain types of dementia. For example, the risk of vascular dementia is strongly correlated with risk factors for stroke. Finally, the more dementia risk factors you have, the greater your chances of having dementia. An example of risk factors for dementia that you cannot change involves getting older (the risk of dementia tends to increase with age). Other dementia risk factors you cannot control include having: †¢Age †¢A family history of dementia †¢Down syndrome †¢Mild cognitive impairment †¢History of a stroke. Dementia risk factors that you can control include: †¢Hypertension †¢hypercholesterolemia †¢Diabetes †¢Atherosclerosis †¢Smoking †¢Heavy alcohol use. †¢Homocysteine levels in the blood. There are also things that can be controlled that increase your risk for developing diabetes, atherosclerosis, and other conditions that may increase your risk of developing dementia. These include: †¢Being overweight or obese †¢Lack of physical activity †¢Unhealthy diet. ?Age Age is the utmost risk aspect for dementia. Dementia influences one in 14 people over the age of 65 and one in six over the age of 80. However, Alzheimer's is not limited to aged people: in the UK, there are 15,000 people under the age of 65 with dementia, although this figure is likely to be an underrated. ?Genetic inheritance Several people fear that they may become heir to Alzheimer's disease, and scientists are presently exploring the hereditary background to Alzheimer's. In most of the cases, the effect of inheritance appears to be minute. If a parent or other family member has Alzheimer's disease, probability of developing the disease is only a slight elevated than if there were no cases of Alzheimer's in the direct family. ?Environmental factors The ecological factors that may add to the onset of Alzheimer's disease have yet to be discovered. Not many years ago, there were concerns that revelation to aluminum might cause Alzheimer's disease. Nevertheless, these fears have largely been discounted. ?Other factors Because of the dissimilarity in their chromosomal structure, people with Down's disorder who live into their 50s and 60s may develop Alzheimer's disease. People who have had stern skull or whiplash wounds also come out to be at increased risk of developing dementia. Boxers who get frequent blows to the head are at risk too. Study has also revealed that people who smoke, and those who have elevated blood pressure or sky-scraping cholesterol levels, augment their risk of developing Alzheimer's. 2. 7 Care of people with dementia People with moderate and advanced dementia typically need round-the-clock care and supervision to prevent them from harming themselves or others. They may also need assistance with daily activities such as eating, bathing, and dressing. Meeting these needs requires patience, understanding, and careful thought from the person's caregivers. For people involved with dementia care, there are some important things to consider. These include such things as: †¢Making the home safe †¢Helping to reduce stressors †¢Providing mental stimulation. Good dementia care always involves the issue of driving. One of the hardest things to do is to take away a person's independence that comes with driving. However, for a number of reasons that we will explain later, people with dementia should not drive. 2. 7. 1Dementia Care and the Home A typical home environment can present many dangers and obstacles to people with dementia, but simple changes can overcome many of these problems. For example, sharp knives, dangerous chemicals, tools, and other hazards should be removed or locked away. Other safety precautions include: †¢Installing bed and bathroom safety rails †¢Removing locks from bedroom and bathroom doors Lowering the hot water temperature to 120 °F (48. 9 °C) or less to reduce the risk of accidental scalding. People with dementia should also wear some form of identification at all times in case they wander away or become lost. Caregivers can help prevent unsupervised wandering by adding locks or alarms to outside doors. 2. 7. 2Reducing Stressors People with dementia ofte n develop behavioral problems because of frustration with specific situations. Understanding and modifying or preventing the situations that trigger these behaviors may help to make life more pleasant for the person with dementia as well as his or her caregivers. For instance, the person may be confused or frustrated by the level of activity or noise in the surrounding environment. Reducing unnecessary activity and noise (such as by limiting the number of visitors and turning off the television when it's not in use) may make it easier for the person to understand requests and perform simple tasks. Caregivers may also reduce confusion in people with dementia by: †¢Simplifying home decorations †¢Removing clutter †¢Keeping familiar objects nearby †¢Following a predictable routine throughout the day. Calendars and clocks also may help patients orient themselves. . 7. 3Mental Stimulation as Part of Dementia Care Caregivers should encourage people with dementia to continue their normal leisure activities as long as they are safe and do not cause frustration. Activities such as crafts, games, and music can provide important mental stimulation and improve mood. Some studies have suggested that participating in exercise and intelle ctually stimulating activities may slow the decline of cognitive function in some people. 2. 7. 4Is Driving Safe? Many studies have found that driving is unsafe for people with dementia. They often get lost and they may have problems remembering or following the rules of the road. They may also have difficulty processing information quickly and dealing with unexpected circumstances. Even a second of confusion while driving can lead to an accident. Driving with impaired cognitive functions can also endanger others. Some experts have suggested that regular screening for changes in cognition might help to reduce the number of driving accidents among elderly people, and some states now require that doctors report people with Alzheimer's disease to their state motor vehicle department. However, in many cases, it is up to the person's family and friends to ensure that the person does not drive. 2. 7. 5How the local authority assesses need Local authority social services departments are the main providers of care and support services. If a person with dementia or their carer is in need of support, they should contact the local social services department to explain. The department will then carry out an assessment of the person's needs and identify what services would be appropriate to meet those needs. This is known as a community care assessment If the department assesses a person as being in need of certain services, it has a duty to provide the services that fall within their eligibility criteria (locally set rules on what type of needs the local authority will meet). The person may have to contribute towards the cost of these services. Local authorities can provide services directly themselves, or may make arrangements for private or voluntary-sector organizations to provide care on their behalf. Services ary from area to area, but range from those that allow someone to remain independent in their own home (such as meals on wheels, day care, equipment and home adaptations) to residential care. The views and preferences of the person receiving the service should always be taken into account. 2. 7. 6Care plans If, after assessing the person's care needs, the social services department agrees that certain services should be provided, it will give the person a written care plan out lining these services. This applies whether the person lives at home or in a care home. Care plans should be reviewed regularly and as needs change. If a review has not been carried out recently, or if one may be necessary, the person or their carer should contact social services and ask for a review. In addition, care homes must provide an individual care plan for each resident. This must be regularly reviewed to take account of changing needs. 2. 7. 7Thinking through the options Once the social services department has confirmed what services the person is eligible to receive, the person and their carer can begin to think through the options. Even if the assessment concludes that the person's needs are not yet urgent enough to receive help from social services, or if some services are not available under the local authority's eligibility criteria, an assessment will give everyone clearer information about the situation and the kinds of help available from other sources. The person or their family or carer could arrange services themselves, or through a voluntary organization or private agency. A key decision is whether the person can remain in their own home, or whether they would prefer to move into sheltered housing or a care home. If they stay in their own home, there are many additional support options available. It is also important to consider the financial implications of the options available. Social services should be able to give an idea of how much the person will have to pay towards the costs of the various services that are arranged through them. Services provided by the NHS, such as community nursing, are free. Anyone who is arranging services themselves, whether through a voluntary organisation or a private agency, will need to make their own enquiries. It is important not to rush into a decision. It might help to also talk to friends and relatives, other carers and your local Alzheimer's Society branch. Local voluntary organisations are a source of further information, advice and practical help. Below is some guidance about what to consider when you are thinking about the kind of care the person in question needs. 2. 7. 8Understanding and respecting the person with dementia It's very important that people with dementia are treated with respect. It is important to remember that a person with dementia is still a unique and valuable human being, despite their illness. If you can understand what the person is going through, it might be easier for you to realise why they behave in certain ways. When a person with dementia finds that their mental abilities are declining, they often feel vulnerable and in need of reassurance and support. The people closest to them – including their carers, health and social care professionals, friends and family – need to do everything they can to help the person to retain their sense of identity and feelings of self-worth. 2. 7. 9Helping the person feel valued The person with dementia needs to feel respected and valued for who they are now, as well as for who they were in the past. There are many things that the people around them can do to help, including: †¢trying to be flexible and tolerant †¢making time to listen, have regular chats, and enjoy being with the person †¢showing affection in a way they both feel comfortable with †¢finding things to do together. Our sense of who we are is closely connected to the names we call ourselves. It's important that people address the person with dementia in a way that the person recognises and prefers. Some people may be happy for anybody to call them by their first name or nickname. †¢Others may prefer younger people, or those who do not know them very well, to address them formally and to use courtesy titles, such as Mr or Mrs. Make sure you explain the person's cultural or religious background, and any rules and customs, to anyone from a different background so that they can behave accordingly. These may include: †¢respectful forms of address †¢what they can eat †¢religious observances, such as prayer and festivals particular clothing or jewellery that the person (or those in their presence) should or should not wear †¢any forms of touch or gestures that are considered disrespectful †¢ways of undressing †¢ways of dressing the hair †¢how the person washes or uses the toilet. Many people with dementia have a fragile sense of self-worth; it's especially important that people continue to treat them with courtesy, however advanced their dementia. †¢Be kind and reassuring to the person you're caring for without talking down to them. †¢Never talk over their head as if they are not there – especially if you're talking about them. Include them in conversations. †¢Avoid scolding or criticising them – this will make them feel small. †¢Look for the meaning behind their words, even if they don't seem to be making much sense. Whatever the detail of what they are saying, the person is usually trying to communicate how they feel. †¢Try to imagine how you would like to be spoken to if you were in their position. †¢Try to make sure that the person's right to privacy is respected. †¢Suggest to other people that they should always knock on the person's bedroom door before entering. If the person needs help with intimate personal activities, such as washing or using the toilet, do this sensitively and make sure the door is kept closed if other people are around. †¢Everyone involved – including the person's friends, family members, carers, and the person with dementia themselves – reacts to the experience of dementia in their own way. Dementia means different things to dif ferent people. There are lots of things you can do to help the person with dementia feel good about themselves. This factsheet offers some suggestions. When you spend time with someone with dementia, it is important to take account of their abilities, interests and preferences. These may change as the dementia progresses. It's not always easy, but try to respond flexibly and sensitively. Dementia affects people's thinking, reasoning and memory, but the person's feelings remain intact. A person with dementia will probably be sad or upset at times. In the earlier stages, the person may want to talk about their anxieties and the problems they are experiencing. †¢Try to understand how the person feels. Make time to offer them support, rather than ignoring them or ‘jollying them along'. †¢Don't brush their worries aside, however painful they may be, or however insignificant they may seem. Listen, and show the person that you are there for them. †¢Make sure that, whenever possible, you inform and consult the person about matters that concern them. Give them every opportunity to make their own choices. †¢Always ex plain what you are doing and why. You may be able to judge the person's reaction from their expression and body language. †¢People with dementia can find choice confusing, so keep it simple. Phrase questions so that they only need a ‘yes' or ‘no' answer, such as ‘Would you like to wear your blue jumper today? ‘ rather than ‘Which jumper would you like to wear today? ‘ †¢Avoid situations in which the person is bound to fail, as this can be humiliating. Look for tasks that they can still manage and activities they enjoy. ive plenty of encouragement. Let them do things at their own pace and in their own way. †¢Do things with the person, rather than for them, to help them retain their independence. †¢Break activities down into small steps so that they feel a sense of achievement, even if they can only manage part of a task. Our self-respect is often bound up with the way we look. Encourage the person to take pride in their appearance, and compliment them on how they look. Make sure that anyone involved in caring for the person has as much background information as possible, as well as information about their present situatio n. This will help them see the person they're caring for as a whole person rather than simply ‘someone with dementia'. It may also help them to feel more confident about finding conversation topics or suggesting activities that the person may enjoy. 2. 8How effective is heath care management? Health care management involves several techniques to cater the needs of the patient. It should be kept in mind that patient is not responsible for the disease and therefore should not be ignored or avoided. With the advancement in technology, different techniques can be used to look after the suffer of this disorder. However, these techniques and ways could only help the victim survive a bit since. Those kinds of dementia which are treatable and such patients have a different perspective and outlook of life as compared to those who are the victims of the untreatable ones. So the care also varies with these two kinds of patients. Effectiveness of the present day health care management system is satisfactory but as said earlier it cannot bring back the life of the victim, however could let him or her survive for few more days with a happy face. 3. DEMENTIA IN UK Following statistics give a clear cut idea about the ratio and proportion of dementia patients in UK: †¢There are currently 700,000 people with dementia in the UK. †¢There are currently 15,000 younger people with dementia in the UK. †¢There are over 11,500 people with dementia from black and minority ethnic groups in the UK. There will be over a million people with dementia by 2025. †¢Two thirds of people with dementia are women. †¢The proportion of people with dementia doubles for every 5 year age group. †¢One third of people over 95 have dementia. †¢60,000 deaths a year are directly attributable to dementia. †¢Delaying the onset of dementia by 5 years wo uld reduce deaths directly attributable to dementia by 30,000 a year. †¢The financial cost of dementia to the UK is over ? 17 billion a year. †¢Family carers of people with dementia save the UK over ? 6 billion a year. †¢64% of people living in care homes have a form of dementia. Two thirds of people with dementia live in the community while one third live in a care home. 4. LIVING WITH DEMENTIA People with dementia have become increasingly involved in the work of the Alzheimer's Society since 2000. Through a national programme called ‘Living with Dementia', people with dementia have been sharing their experiences and knowledge, and raising awareness of dementia at local and national levels. This contribution is crucial to ensure that the Alzheimer's Society develops appropriate information and support for people with dementia. It ensures that people with dementia can influence the work that the Society carries ut on their behalf. On a national level the Living with Dementia programme consults with people with dementia in support of the Alzheimer's Society's work of influencing government policy. †¢People with dementia in action People with dementia are involved in the Alzheimer's Society in a variety of ways: ? Giving presentations and raising public awareness. ?Organising the unique UK wide convention of people with dementia. ?Lobbying MPs and commenting on government legislation. ?Being interviewed by national press and television. ?Recruiting and inducting new staff at the Alzheimer's Society. ?Helping to make the website easier to use. Developing information for other people with dementia and their families. ?Participating in the national consultative body, the Living with Dementia Working group. These are just a few examples. There are many opportunities in the Living with Dementia programme †¢Living with Dementia Programme Various initiatives in the Alzheimer's Society have focused on ways of supporting people living with dementia. Many started as two year pilots in 2001 and 2002, but are now established as a core part of the Alzheimer's Society activity. Examples of current initiatives are listed below: †¢West Kent Computer project Started in 2001. It supports people with dementia using computer equipment, to find new ways of communicating, pursuing interests and have fun. †¢Living with Dementia presentation skills training For people with dementia. Everyone affected by dementia has their own unique story to tell. Personal experiences and views are a powerful way of raising awareness about dementia, making issues come alive. Training people with dementia to share their experience on TV, press and at meetings, helps to reduce the misunderstanding that surrounds dementia and offers hope to people facing the same situation. Providing key skills enables people to undertake publicity work with confidence. †¢Helpcard for people with dementia Developed in 2007 by people with dementia and piloted by people with dementia. The helpcard enables people with dementia to feel confident, not alone and able to ask for help at anytime. It is very useful in emergency situations, and is an effective communication tool that informs others of a person's circumstances. There are three different designs, with three different options for describing particular situations. †¢National conference for people with dementia The Alzheimer's Society has hosted three conferences for people with dementia in London, Newcastle and Birmingham (Thompson, Nanni & Schwankovsky, 1990). The latter two involved members from the Living with Dementia Working group and the Scottish Dementia Working Group, making them the only UK wide events for people with dementia. In Newcastle the ‘Improving Our Lives' feedback included: ?Get out and enjoy life ?Laugh! Confidence ?Remaining the same person after diagnosis ?Open positive communication ?Speak up – have your voice listened to ?Speak to your MP Being denied treatment – medication because of a ‘cost cutting' exercise – it's a disgrace ? Set up an email group ?Done more since having dementia – living my life to the full 5. RESEARCHES Currently, scientists are conducting research on many different aspects of dementia. This research promises to improve the lives of people affected by such symptoms and may eventually lead to ways of pre venting or curing the disorders that result in dementia. Some areas of focus for dementia research include: †¢Causes and prevention †¢Diagnosis †¢Treatment. Researching the Causes and Prevention of Dementia Research on the causes of Alzheimer's disease (and other disorders that are causes of dementia) includes studies of: †¢Genetic factors †¢Neurotransmitters †¢Inflammation †¢Factors that influence programmed cell death in the brain †¢The roles of tau, beta amyloid, and the associated neurofibrillary tangles and plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Some other dementia research scientists are trying to determine the possible roles of cholesterol metabolism, oxidative stress (chemical reactions that can damage proteins, DNA, and lipids inside cells), and microglia in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Current research on dementia prevention and causes includes the following: †¢Research to better understand the role of aging-related proteins (such as the enzyme telomerase) in the development of dementia. †¢Studies of abnormal clumps of proteins in cells. Researchers are trying to learn how abnormal clumps of protein in cells develop, how they affect cells, and how the clumping can be prevented. †¢Studies that examine whether changes in white matter — nerve fibers lined with myelin — may play a role in the onset of Alzheimer's disease. Myelin may erode in Alzheimer's disease patients before other changes occur. This may be due to a problem with oligodendrocytes, the cells that produce myelin. †¢Work being done by scientists to search for additional genes that may contribute to Alzheimer's disease. These researchers have identified a number of gene regions that may be involved in the development of Alzheimer's. Some researchers suggest that people will eventually be screened for a number of genes that contribute to Alzheimer's disease and that they will be able to receive treatments that specifically address their individual genetic risks. However, such individualized screening and treatment is still years away. †¢Studies on insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is common in people with Alzheimer's disease, but it is not clear whether the insulin resistance contributes to the development of the disease or if it is merely a side effect. †¢Several dementia research studies have found a reduced risk of dementia in people who take cholesterol-lowering drugs called statins. However, it is not yet clear if the apparent effect is due to the drugs or to other factors. Therefore, more research is being currently being done be better understand this possible relationship between statins and dementia. †¢ A 2003 dementia research study found that people with HIV-associated dementia have different levels of activity for more than 30 different proteins, compared to people who have HIV but no signs of dementia. The study suggests a possible way to screen HIV patients for the first signs of cognitive impairment, and it may lead to ways of intervening to prevent this form of dementia. Research in this area continues. Research Involving Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease Improving early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders that may cause dementia is important not only for patients and families, but also for researchers who seek to better understand the causes of dementia and find ways to reverse or halt them at early stages. Improved diagnosis can also reduce the risk that people will receive inappropriate treatments. †¢In some resea rch, scientists are investigating whether three-dimensional computer models of positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can identify brain changes typical of early Alzheimer's disease, before any symptoms appear. This research may lead to ways of preventing the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. †¢One study found that levels of beta amyloid and tau in spinal fluid could be used to diagnose Alzheimer's disease with an accuracy of 92 percent. If other studies confirm the validity of this test, it may allow doctors to identify people who are beginning to develop the disorder before they start to show dementia symptoms. †¢This would allow treatment at very early stages of the disorder, and may help in testing new treatments to prevent or delay symptoms of the disease. Other researchers have identified factors in the skin and blood of Alzheimer's disease patients that are different from those in healthy people. They are trying to determine if these factors can be used to diagnose the disease. Treatment Research †¢Researchers are continually working to develop new drugs for Alzheimer's disease and other causes of dementia. Many researchers believe a vaccine that reduces the number of amyloid plaques in the brain might ultimately prove to be the most effective treatment for Alzheimer's disease. In 2001, researchers began one clinical trial of a vaccine called AN-1792. The research study was halted after a number of people developed inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. †¢Despite these problems, one patient appeared to have reduced numbers of amyloid plaques in the brain. Other patients showed little or no cognitive decline during the course of the study, suggesting that the vaccine may slow or halt the disease. Researchers are now tryi ng to find safer and more effective vaccines for Alzheimer's disease. Researchers are also investigating possible methods of gene therapy for Alzheimer's disease. In one case, researchers used cells genetically engineered to produce nerve growth factor and transplanted them into monkeys' forebrains. The transplanted cells boosted the amount of nerve growth factors in the brain and seemed to prevent degeneration of acetylcholine-producing neurons in the animals. †¢This suggests that gene therapy might help to reduce or delay symptoms of the disease. Researchers are now testing a similar therapy in a small number of patients. Other researchers have experimented with gene therapy that adds a gene called neprilysin in a mouse model that produces human beta amyloid. They found that increasing the level of neprilysin greatly reduced the amount of beta amyloid in the mice and halted the amyloid-related brain degeneration. They are now trying to determine whether neprilysin gene therap y can improve cognition in mice. †¢Since many studies have found evidence of brain inflammation in people with Alzheimer's disease, some researchers have proposed that drugs that control inflammation, such as NSAIDs, might prevent the disease or slow its progression. Studies in mice have suggested that these drugs can limit production of amyloid plaques in the brain. Early studies of these drugs in humans have shown promising results. †¢However, a large NIH-funded clinical trial of two NSAIDs (naproxen and celecoxib) to prevent Alzheimer's disease was stopped in late 2004 because of an increase in stroke and heart attack in people taking naproxen (Aleve ®, Naprosyn ®, Anaprox ®, Naprelan ®), and an unrelated study that linked celecoxib (Celebrex ®) to an increased risk of heart attack. Some research studies on dementia have suggested that two drugs, pentoxifylline and propentofylline, may be useful in treating vascular dementia. Pentoxifylline improves blood flow, while propentofylline appears to interfere with some of the processes that cause cell death in the brain. †¢One research study is testing the safety and effectiveness of donepezil (Aricept ®) for treating mild dementia in patients with Parkinson's dementia, while a nother is investigating whether skin patches with the drug selegiline can improve mental function in patients with cognitive problems related to HIV. . CONCLUSION An appropriate cost effective workup of dementia includes a complete history, a complete physical examination (including a neuropsychiatric evaluation), a CBC, blood glucose, serum electrolytes, serum calcium, serum creatinine, and serum thyroid stimulating hormone (Whitlatch, Feinberg & Tucke, 2005). Other tests should be done only if there is a specific indication for e. g. vitamin B12 and folate if macrocytosis is present (Wilkinson & Lennox, 2005). A CT or MRI should be considered if the onset of dementia is before the age of 65 years, symptoms have occurred for less than 2 years, there is evidence of focal or asymmetrical neurological deficits, the clinical picture indicates normal pressure hydrocephalus, or there is a recent history of fall or other head trauma. If a patient has a history of cancer or is on anticoagulation therapy, then neuro imaging should also be considered. Thus to conclude, it is sufficient to say that dementia, though a dangerous disorder, having not much cures, can be prevented by undergoing certain precautionary measures as illustrated above.

Skype and its impact on Social and Culture Environment Term Paper

Skype and its impact on Social and Culture Environment - Term Paper Example Importance of Skype and its Impact on People’s Lives Skype has been significant in the lifestyles of the modern society. The most important aspect has been lowering the cost of telephone services. Subscribers of Skype are able to communicate effectively through unlimited phone calls, which is not possible through the common telephone service providers. Moreover, Skype services are accessible globally and therefore every person who has access to the internet can use them (Booth, 16). The current wave of globalization has necessitated effective communication among business people, workers and their families as well as among organizations with mobile workers. Greenhow observes that Skype services have enabled many people working away from home to accomplish work-life balance by means of video conferencing (11). The common mobile telephony only allows voice calls, but workers and their relations appreciate visual communication whereby they are able to see the person whom they are communicating with. Under such circumstances, expatriate workers overseas are able to see their families through video chats. This is significance in the enhancement of satisfaction in employment and avoidance of family breakdown as a result of distance work. Video conferencing has also enhanced business and inter-organizational partnerships by enhancing networking capabilities. The cost of travel and conference rooms has been eliminated by Skype. Moreover, it helps in saving time in the p reparations for conferences (Turban et al. 19). In making purchases online, a person is in a position to see the partner whom he/she is communicating with thereby avoiding chances of falling in to the trap of fraudsters. For example, the recent rise in fraudulent transactions involving the sale of used motor vehicles by fake dealers through their short-lived websites could have been avoided if buyers insisted on visual conversations through Skype. This would enable them to request an image of the company premises and the cars before concluding a deal. On the other hand, the fear of fraudster companies in the internet has led to a decline of consumers willing to buy products online (Booth, 13). Skype can be applied by marketers to express their genuineness to potential online customers. Its application offers the opportunity to present a positive image by showing customers their marketing team, management and physical location. In deed, as Kuriyan & Ray (95) assert, Skype is the way to go in future online shopping. In healthcare, Skype has contributed to numerous positive changes with regard to communication between doctors and patients. Doctors, just like other professionals have been using Skype to communicate with families and friends. However, new developments have changed the manner in which they relate with patients. With increased cost of hospitalized healthcare, doctors have established a new strategy of home based care through Skype. Routine medical checks for patients have been facilitated by Skype video calls to patients in the comfort of their homes. Moreover, patients can interact with doctors for clinical consultations and other health related issues without physical presence in the hospital (Turban et al. 19). This has enabled doctors

Interpretations of David Lynch's film Blue Velvet (1986) often suggest Essay

Interpretations of David Lynch's film Blue Velvet (1986) often suggest that the film either cultivates the sincere and innocent - Essay Example They do not reveal anything about the investigation but it is here that he meets Sandy (Laura Dern), the detective’s daughter, who unveils what her father has deciphered about the case- that a woman named Dorothy Vallens (Isabella Rossellini) is a suspect of the case. Jeffrey then poses as a help man and as Dorothy is engaged in conversation with a man in the yellow suit (to whom Jeffrey later refers to as Yellow Man), Jeffrey takes the key to Dorothy’s apartment. Sandy and Jeffrey then attend Dorothy’s nightclub act where she sings ‘Blue Velvet’, and from thereon Jeffrey leaves early to sneak into Dorothy’s apartment to find clues. When Dorothy arrives he hides in her closet, but she sensing him finds him with a knife in her hand. Mistaking Jeffrey’s curiosity for sexual interest she forces him to undress as she threatens him with the knife. At this point Dorothy engages in orally stimulating Jeffrey. The encounter is interrupted by a knock on the door whereby Dorothy pushes Jeffrey back in the closet from where he witnesses that the visitor-Frank Booth (Dennis Hopper)- attempts to molest, abuse and rape Dorothy. Hiding in the closet Jeffrey finds that Frank Booth is a drug dealer who has kidnapped Dorothy’s husband and son so that he may use Dorothy to satisfy his sexual appetite. When Frank has left Dorothy turns to Jeffrey and attempts to make him mistreat her but he refuses and leaves even upon her insistence for him to stay. Jeffrey later relays his experience to Sandy and subsequently they go to Dorothy’s club where she performs Blue Velvet yet again. At the club Jeffrey observes Frank Booth who is fondling a piece of blue velvet which he had torn from Dorothy’s clothes the night Jeffrey has witnessed his assault and rape of Dorothy. It is then that Jeffrey decides to follow Frank. The next scenes show Jeffrey prying on Frank and his connection with the Yellow Man and another man which Jeffrey identifies as the Well Dressed Man. Jeffrey goes onto inform Sandy about his new findings and it is then that the sexual tension between the two breaks and they engage in a soft kiss. But Sandy is reluctant to go any further with Jeffrey because she has a boyfriend and Jeffrey taking this as rejection turns to Dorothy and the two have sexual intercourse. During this second intimate encounter with Dorothy, Dorothy is able to extract a frustrated reaction from Jeffrey whereby he turns and hits her. Instantly, we see that Jeffrey regrets this violent act but Dorothy enjoys it. Afterwards, Frank Booth finds Dorothy and Jeffrey coerces them to go to his partner Ben’s apartment. The scene at Ben’s residence is sadistic, here Ben sings ‘In Dreams’ and in the wake of this music Frank punches Jeffrey to unconsciousness when Jeffrey attempts to hit Frank when the later molests Dorothy. In the morning Frank wakes up in the yard where he had been beaten uncons cious and goes to Sandy’s father (the detective) to relay the entire course of events. That day Sandy accompanies Jeffrey to a dance and upon their return to Jeffrey’s residence they find a stricken, naked and traumatized Dorothy on Jeffrey’s lawn. Sandy is gone to fetch the police and her father and take them to Dorothy’

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CCEI1220P4 - Essay Example This was a cognitive test, which Jacob failed. He never made any effort to think and search where the rattle was hidden, but instead he chose to cry. It was also an emotional test for Jacob to look for toys beyond his tracking area, which he also failed. As a baby, we would expect things to come easy for him, but he should have also endeavoured to find the toys at least. Based on the findings I made in activity 1, some of the actions that I will take when planning activities for Jacob are enhancing the classroom to ease movements, improve the kinds of toys that Jacob plays with and also establish games that could improve the cognitive development of Jacob. When enhancing the classroom, I will install things such as maps or directions on the floor to indicate where I have hidden the objects to make it easier for Jacob to find them. I will also introduce Jacob to toys such as building blocks. Cognitive games such as stacking blocks or emptying and filling objects can enhance motor learning, spatial awareness and effect, as well as cause. Through such games, infants, such a Jacob, can learn to be deliberate with their movement actions. Finally, I will incorporate games such as hide-and-seek, which can help Jacob learn analytic skills. I will ask Jacob to hide something in the trashcan or in another site away from where they are and ask other students t o find it. Also, this can teach language, as well as direction-following skills. Writing summaries of narratives is perhaps the most flexible ways or techniques of presenting a story. Summaries of narratives do not essentially tie the teacher down to chronological order, the way dramatisation and dialog do, nor do they need a focus on one specific feature of the tale, as descriptions normally do. This makes summaries of narratives one of the most prominent tools in an author’s toolbox, as well as one of the trickiest. Narrative summaries aid in coming up action plans in that they

Art Originality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art Originality - Essay Example I view the program as a catalyst to better myself and to enjoy the boundless regions of art itself. I really find the lessons motivating. Here, we are constantly encouraged to draw anything that we wanted. The course made me relish the freedom of the art world. There are times when we are asked to draw something at home to be presented before the class the next day. I believe that the intention is to gain inspiration and creativity in an ambience beyond the class' art studio atmosphere. There would always be time allotted to talk about recent news and various issues such as the nuclear test in North Korea to Nicole Ritchie's eating disorder. I guess such discussions are substantial in improving our skills because it nurtures self-expression and consciousness. One time we had to bring four pictures which we perceive to be of good art, of bad art, of a beautiful looking person, and of an ugly looking person. I chose Frida Kahlo's works as good art because her works exude a great sense of style in contrast with the bad art of Damien Hirst who is identified with his eccentric exploitation of animals in his works. I also brought the photographs of Nicole Kidman and Michael Jackson and explained that the former is a picture of beauty and the latter is a display of ugliness and distortion caused by excessive plastic surgery. After those discussions we would talk about our own works.

Adebat about can any one be an entrepreneur including with the Essay

Adebat about can any one be an entrepreneur including with the strength about it and proving them also weaknesses and prove it - Essay Example 3) The acceptance of failure or risk. From the economist’s point of view, an entrepreneur is an individual who brings together labor, resources, materials and other valuable assets into a combined form that brings out a value that is greater than before. An entrepreneur can also be defined as person who introduces innovations, changes, and some form of new order. The psychologist says that such individuals are driven certain internal forces of the urge to attain or obtain something, to accomplish, to experiment, or just to escape the authority of other individuals. To a business person, an entrepreneur will be treated as a threat or an aggressive competitor. Again to the same business person, an entrepreneur can be a benefiting factor as one can become a business ally, customer, supplier or creator of wealth to others. An entrepreneur can also be seen as a person who is finding better ways to reduce waste, utilize resources or produce jobs to those who are jobless. Entrepreneurship is also seen as a dynamical process of producing an increment of wealth (Casson, 2008). This wealth is frequently created by the people who take an assumption to some significant risks in terms of time, equity. However, these definitions will tend to view the entrepreneur from different perspectives, but they have similar notions about organizing, newness, wealth, creating, novelty and the risk taking. Each definition is sometimes restrictive because entrepreneurs are found in all professions such as education, law, research, engineering, social work, medicine, distribution and government. Entrepreneurship is a means of creating new things with some added value by devoting the required effort and resources. At the same time assuming psychic, social risks, financial and acceptance of the results of the monetary rewards and the personal independence and satisfaction. The definition of the entrepreneur stresses four